Mixed Equilibrium in a Downsian Model with a Favored Candidate

This paper examines competition in the standard one-dimensional Downsian model of two-candidate elections, but where one candidate (A) enjoys an advantage over the other candidate (D). Voters' preferences are Euclidean, but any voter will vote for candidate A over candidate D unless D is closer to her ideal point by some fixed distance δ. The location of the median voter's ideal point is uncertain, and its distribution is commonly known by both candidates. The candidates simultaneously choose locations to maximize the probability of victory. Pure strategy equilibria often fail to exist in this model, except under special conditions about δ and the distribution of the median ideal point. We solve for the essentially unique symmetric mixed equilibrium with no-gaps, show that candidate A adopts more moderate policies than candidate D, and obtain some comparative statics results about the probability of victory and the expected distance between the two candidates' policies. We find that both players' equilibrium strategies converge to the expected median voter as A's advantage shrinks to 0. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: C72, D72.     

信息网络对企业空间组织的影响

信息网络是信息社会的主要基础设施,本文从信息网络的概念、分类和形状入手,讨论了信息网络对企业区位和劳动空间分工的影响,并举例加以说明,最后对地理学开展新的空间经济发展研究提出了思路.     

基于循环经济理念的珠江三角洲环境保护规划战略探讨

环境保护规划的可持续发展需要有先进理念的指导,应用循环经济理论框架来指导环境保护规划对区域可持续发展具有重要意义。本文通过分析循环经济的内涵、原则及其层次性,并结合我国珠江三角洲地区环境保护规划目标和对策进行了深入研究和探讨。分析得出,应用循环经济理念框架来指导环境保护规划是一种适宜的选择,与传统环境保护规划相比,基于循环经济理论框架指导下的区域环境保护规划更强调污染废气物排放减量化、企业生产清洁化、工业生态化以及区域固体废物的循环再利用。     

出生缺陷地理风险因子的空间分析

出生缺陷是影响人口出生质量最重要的因素。大量研究表明,出生缺陷仅仅靠单纯的生物医学研究还不够,多学科的交叉研究是有效探讨出生缺陷病因和预防的唯一出路。利用北京大学人口环境健康组调查数据,分类了能够在地理空间上归属的出生缺陷风险因素,将这些因素存在的空间相关性进行了传统统计分析方法不适宜的风险因子与出生缺陷统计因果之间的研究。探讨了空间分析技术在出生缺陷的地理风险因子研究的一般步骤与关键技术,为出生缺陷研究提供了新的思路。     

知识经济与城市产业空间布局的调整

随着网络等高新技术的飞速发展，世界经济正在从工业经济向知识经济转变，阻碍生产素流动的控制壁垒和自然壁垒明显减少，产业空间区位选择的灵活性大在增强，产业布局将出现分散与聚集共存的趋势，那些以创新为基础的知识密集型产业将形成有规律的集群，大城市中心区也将日益成为跨国公司总部以及银行，保险，管理咨询等生产才高度集中的地区，成为协调全国仍至全球生产的信息和服务中心，根据产业空间演变化的新趋势和我国城市产业布局的现状，作者提出了我国城市产业空间布局的方向和思路。     

基于网络规划的道路系统设计

针对物流系统设计，基于网络规划法提出了一种在物流中心已经确定的条件下，进行道路系统的新的设计方法。通过合理但设把道路系统的设计转变为网络规划中求解最短路径的问题．通过统计每个路段的最短路径通过率．得出路段的运量负担情况，从而为道路的功能和等级设计提供依据。在此基础上．以宁波化工区的物流系统为例，建立了宁波化工区道路系统的网络模型，对宁波化工区的道路系统进行了功能设计。结果表明，该方法在区域物流系统设计中有良好的应用前景．     

城市规划公众参与系统结构及运行机制

针对城市规划中的公众参与问题,首先阐述了公众参与对提升城市规划品质、构建现代和谐城市的重要意义,并就目前我国城市规划公众参与现状与存在的问题进行了分析,认为城市规划中公众参与体系主要受经济发展水平、法制体系健全程度及民众整体文化素质等因素的影响,其内部系统可分为实体子系统、制度子系统和公众意识子系统.三个子系统之间的关系是:实体子系统是根本,制度子系统是关键,公众意识子系统则既是实体子系统、制度子系统的共同结果,又会对它们产生制约或促进作用;根据其运行机制,提出了我国城市规划中公众参与具有可操作性的运行程序,并提出了相应的保障措施.     

循环经济理论在都市圈规划中的应用

针对当前都市圈规划实践中存在的问题,尝试将循环经济理论引入到都市圈规划中.在充分论证其可行性和必要性的基础上,提出了都市圈规划中发展循环经济的对策与建议.     

Linking performance drivers in production planning and inventory control to process choice

This study investigates how process choice relates to production planning and inventory control decisions. We empirically examine the validity of deductively derived patterns about these types of decisions. More importantly, we look for normative insights by exploring how production planning and inventory control decisions affect operations performance. Our findings show that production line and continuous flow plants use more of a level production strategy, and carry less raw material and work-in-process inventory. The performance drivers for these plants, through which the operations function excels, are effective utilization of equipment, reduced finished goods inventory, and reduced setup down time. To gain forward demand visibility and batching economies, job and batch shops rely much more on backlogs in their planning process. These plants use more of a production chase strategy and position inventory lower in the bills of materials. Four performance drivers for top-performing job and batch shops are to find ways that better anticipate customers' orders, have a more responsive chase strategy, carry less raw material or purchased inventory, and shorten production planning horizon, partly through less reliance on backlogs. It is intriguing that top-performing plants not only do the expected things, given their choice of process, but also excel in selected dimensions—some of which fit the profile normally associated with a different process choice. To monitor and continuously improve operations, evaluation ‘scorecards’ should pay particular attention to performance drivers, which change depending on the plant's process choice.     

How to invest over the life cycle: Insights from theory

We analyse the state of the art in the field of life cycle portfolio choice, a recent strand of the literature on intertemporal portfolio selection. Life cycle models are designed to identify optimal savings and portfolio policies over the lifetime of investors. They can help to improve pension schemes by showing how these could be specifically tailored to the individual employee’s circumstances to overcome the ‘one-size-fits-all’ philosophy still prevailing in parts of the mandatory retirement savings system. To facilitate comparison, we first describe set-up, solution method and characteristic results for a basic model and then derive a general framework to classify existing contributions. We highlight the models’ strengths and weaknesses and assess their ability to resolve existing portfolio puzzles. Lessons from the literature are summarized and promising areas for further research identified. JEL classifications G11, D14, D91, H55